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GlyCosmos Glycans

The list of validated glycans extracted from GlyTouCan, updated weekly.

Source	Last Updated
GlyTouCan	August 18, 2024

Displaying entries **1 - 25** of **357** in total

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GlyTouCan ID	IUPAC Condensed ▼	Motifs	Subsumption Level	Monoisotopic Mass	Organisms
G87096HD	Neu5Gc(a2-3)[GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-3)GalNAc-ol		Linkage defined saccharide	895.33	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Pelophylax ridibundus Pelophylax Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G87724JJ	Neu5Gc(a2-3)[Gal(a1-4)GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-3)GalNAc-ol		Linkage defined saccharide	1057.38	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Pelophylax ridibundus Pelophylax Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G02657AK	Neu5Ac(a2-8)Neu5Ac(a2-3)[GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	GD2	Linkage defined saccharide	1127.39	Acanthomorphata Actinopteri Actinopterygii African cichlids Amniota Amphibia Anura Archelosauria Archosauria Artiodactyla Aves Batrachia Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Canidae Caniformia Canis lupus familiaris Canis lupus Canis Carassius auratus Carassius Carnivora Catarrhini Cavia porcellus Cavia Caviidae Chordata Cichlidae Cichliformes Cichlomorphae Clupeocephala Coelurosauria Craniata Cricetidae Cricetinae Cricetulus griseus Cricetulus Ctenosquamata Cyprinidae Cypriniformes Cyprininae Cypriniphysae Cyprinoidei Cyprinus carpio Cyprinus Deuterostomia Dinosauria Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euacanthomorphacea Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Eupercaria Eurypterygia Euteleosteomorpha Euteleostomi Eutheria Galliformes Galloanserae Gallus gallus Gallus Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Hystricomorpha Laurasiatheria Leuciscidae Leuciscinae Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Neognathae Neopterygii Neoteleostei Nototheniidae Notothenioidei Opisthokonta Oreochromini Oreochromis mossambicus Oreochromis Ostariophysi Osteoglossocephalai Otomorpha Otophysi Ovalentaria Pecora Perciformes Percomorphaceae Phasianidae Phasianinae Pipidae Pipoidea Primates Pseudocrenilabrinae Rattus norvegicus Rattus Rodentia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Sauria Saurischia Sauropsida Scardinius erythrophthalmus Scardinius Simiiformes Suidae Suina Sus scrofa Sus Teleostei Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Theropoda Trematomus lepidorhinus Trematomus Vertebrata Xenopodinae Xenopus cellular organisms
G37184KW	Neu5Ac(a2-8)Neu5Ac(a2-3)[Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	GD1b	Linkage defined saccharide	1289.44	Acanthomorphata Actinopteri Actinopterygii African cichlids Amniota Amphibia Anura Archelosauria Archosauria Artiodactyla Aves Balaenoptera acutorostrata Balaenoptera brydei Balaenoptera edeni Balaenoptera Balaenopteridae Batoidea Batrachia Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Canidae Caniformia Canis lupus familiaris Canis lupus Canis Carassius auratus Carassius Carnivora Catarrhini Cercopithecidae Cercopithecinae Cercopithecoidea Cetacea Channichthyidae Chionodraco myersi Chionodraco Chondrichthyes Chordata Cichlidae Cichliformes Cichlomorphae Clupeocephala Coelurosauria Craniata Cricetidae Cricetinae Crocidurinae Ctenosquamata Cyprinidae Cypriniformes Cyprininae Cypriniphysae Cyprinoidei Cyprinus carpio Cyprinus Delphinidae Delphinus delphis Delphinus Deuterostomia Dinosauria Dipnotetrapodomorpha Discopyge tschudii Discopyge Elasmobranchii Euacanthomorphacea Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eulipotyphla Eumetazoa Eupercaria Eurypterygia Euteleosteomorpha Euteleostomi Eutheria Felidae Feliformia Felinae Felis catus Felis Gadariae Gadidae Gadiformes Gadoidei Gadus morhua Gadus Galliformes Galloanserae Gallus gallus Gallus Glires Globicephala macrorhynchus Globicephala Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Lagomorpha Laurasiatheria Leporidae Leuciscidae Leuciscinae Leucoraja erinacea Leucoraja Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Mysticeti Narcinidae Neognathae Neopterygii Neoteleostei Nototheniidae Notothenioidei Odontoceti Opisthokonta Orcinus orca Orcinus Oreochromini Oreochromis mossambicus Oreochromis Oryctolagus cuniculus Oryctolagus Ostariophysi Osteoglossocephalai Otomorpha Otophysi Ovalentaria Papio hamadryas Papio Paracanthopterygii Pecora Perciformes Percomorphaceae Phasianidae Phasianinae Phocoenidae Phocoenoides dalli Phocoenoides Phodopus sungorus Phodopus Physeter catodon Physeter Physeteridae Pipidae Pipoidea Primates Pseudocrenilabrinae Rajidae Rajiformes Rattus Rodentia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Sauria Saurischia Sauropsida Scardinius erythrophthalmus Scardinius Simiiformes Soricidae Stenella coeruleoalba Stenella Suidae Suina Suncus murinus Suncus Sus scrofa Sus Teleostei Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Theropoda Torpedinidae Torpediniformes Torpedo marmorata Torpedo Trematomus lepidorhinus Trematomus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Vertebrata Whippomorpha Xenopodinae Xenopus laevis Xenopus Xenopus Zeiogadaria cellular organisms
G98544DH	Neu5Ac(a2-8)Neu5Ac(a2-3)Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	9-O-Acetyl GD3 GD3	Linkage defined saccharide	924.31	Actinopteri Actinopterygii Amniota Amphibia Anura Archelosauria Archosauria Artiodactyla Aves Bacteria Balaenoptera edeni Balaenoptera Balaenopteridae Batoidea Batrachia Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacter Campylobacteraceae Campylobacterales Campylobacterota Canidae Caniformia Canis lupus familiaris Canis lupus Canis Carassius auratus Carassius Carnivora Catarrhini Cavia porcellus Cavia Caviidae Cercopithecidae Cercopithecinae Cercopithecoidea Cetacea Chinchilla Chinchillidae Chondrichthyes Chordata Clupeocephala Coelurosauria Craniata Cricetidae Cricetinae Cyprinidae Cypriniformes Cyprininae Cypriniphysae Cyprinoidei Deuterostomia Dinosauria Dipnotetrapodomorpha Discopyge tschudii Discopyge Elasmobranchii Epsilonproteobacteria Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Felidae Feliformia Felinae Felis catus Felis Galliformes Galloanserae Gallus gallus Gallus Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Hystricomorpha Lagomorpha Laurasiatheria Leporidae Leucoraja erinacea Leucoraja Macaca fuscata Macaca mulatta Macaca Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Mysticeti Narcinidae Neognathae Neopterygii Opisthokonta Oryctolagus cuniculus Oryctolagus Ostariophysi Osteoglossocephalai Otomorpha Otophysi Papio hamadryas Papio Pecora Phasianidae Phasianinae Pipidae Pipoidea Primates Rajidae Rajiformes Rattus Rodentia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Sauria Saurischia Sauropsida Simiiformes Suidae Suina Sus scrofa Sus Teleostei Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Theropoda Torpedinidae Torpediniformes Torpedo marmorata Torpedo Vertebrata Whippomorpha Xenopodinae Xenopus cellular organisms
G14767HC	Neu5Ac(a2-8)Neu5Ac(a2-3)Gal(b1-3)[Neu5Ac(a2-8)Neu5Ac(a2-6)]GalNAc(b1-4)Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	GD1 GD1a GD1c	Linkage defined saccharide	1871.63	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Rana Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G96991NM	Neu5Ac(a2-8)Neu5Ac(a2-3)Gal(b1-3)[Neu5Ac(a2-6)]GalNAc(b1-4)Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	GD1 GD1a GD1c	Linkage defined saccharide	1580.53	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Rana Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G08371CD	Neu5Ac(a2-6)GalNAc(?1-		Linkage defined saccharide	512.19	Actinopteri Actinopterygii Amniota Amphibia Anura Artiodactyla Batrachia Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Catarrhini Cercopithecidae Cercopithecinae Cercopithecoidea Chordata Clupeocephala Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleosteomorpha Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Laurasiatheria Lithobates palustris Lithobates Macaca radiata Macaca Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Neobatrachia Neopterygii Oncorhynchus mykiss Oncorhynchus Opisthokonta Osteoglossocephalai Pecora Primates Protacanthopterygii Ranidae Ranoidea Rattus norvegicus Rattus Rodentia Ruminantia Salmonidae Salmoniformes Salmoninae Sarcopterygii Simiiformes Suidae Suina Sus scrofa Sus Teleostei Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata artificial sequences cellular organisms other entries other sequences synthetic construct
G84467IZ	Neu5Ac(a2-6)Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-3)[Neu5Ac(a2-6)Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-	N-Glycan complex N-acetyllactosamine Type 2 LN	Linkage defined saccharide	2222.78	Amniota Amphibia Anura Archelosauria Archosauria Artiodactyla Aves Batrachia Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Catarrhini Chordata Coelurosauria Craniata Deuterostomia Dinosauria Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Galliformes Galloanserae Gallus gallus Gallus Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Lagomorpha Laurasiatheria Leporidae Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Neognathae Opisthokonta Oryctolagus cuniculus Oryctolagus Pecora Phasianidae Phasianinae Pipidae Pipoidea Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Rodentia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Sauria Saurischia Sauropsida Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Theropoda Vertebrata Xenopodinae Xenopus laevis Xenopus Xenopus cellular organisms
G29971IY	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[GlcNAc(a1-4)]Gal(b1-3)GalNAc-ol	GM4	Linkage defined saccharide	879.33	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Lithobates palustris Lithobates Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G50883HL	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-3)GalNAc-ol	GM4	Linkage defined saccharide	879.33	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Bufonidae Bufotes viridis Bufotes Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Hyloidea Lithobates palustris Lithobates Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G64183CB	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(b1-4)Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	GM1b cisGM1	Linkage defined saccharide	1201.42	Amniota Amphibia Anura Artiodactyla Batrachia Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Carnivora Catarrhini Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Felidae Feliformia Felinae Felis catus Felis Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Lagomorpha Laurasiatheria Leporidae Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Opisthokonta Oryctolagus cuniculus Oryctolagus Pecora Pipidae Pipoidea Primates Rattus Rodentia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Xenopodinae Xenopus laevis Xenopus Xenopus cellular organisms
G91287SP	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(a1-4)Gal(b1-3)GalNAc-ol	GM4	Linkage defined saccharide	1244.47	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Lithobates palustris Lithobates Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G43103ZB	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(a1-4)Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(?1-	GM4 O-Glycan core 1 fuzzy	Linkage defined saccharide	1242.45	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Lithobates palustris Lithobates Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G81466NG	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(?1-	GM4 O-Glycan core 1 fuzzy	Linkage defined saccharide	877.32	Amniota Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bufonidae Catarrhini Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Hyloidea Lithobates palustris Lithobates Mammalia Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Primates Ranidae Ranoidea Rhinella arenarum Rhinella Sarcopterygii Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata cellular organisms
G35238UK	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[GalNAc(a1-4)]Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(?1-	GM4 O-Glycan core 1 fuzzy	Linkage defined saccharide	877.32	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Lithobates palustris Lithobates Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G24530WD	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[Gal(b1-4)Gal(a1-4)Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	GM1	Linkage defined saccharide	1322.45	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Rana Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G28115FH	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(a1-4)]Gal(b1-3)GalNAc-ol	GM4	Linkage defined saccharide	1041.39	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Lithobates palustris Lithobates Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G29440JS	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[Gal(b1-3)Gal(a1-3)Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	GM1 a-Gal antigen	Linkage defined saccharide	1322.45	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Rana Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G88192MM	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[Gal(a1-3)Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	GM1 a-Gal antigen	Linkage defined saccharide	1160.4	Amphibia Anura Aquarana catesbeiana Aquarana Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Rana Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G86282JZ	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[Gal(a1-3)Gal(b1-3)Gal(a1-3)Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	GM1 a-Gal antigen	Linkage defined saccharide	1484.5	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Rana Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G91532KA	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[Fuc(a1-2)Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(b1-4)]Gal(b1-4)Glc(b1-	2-Fucosyl-GM1	Linkage defined saccharide	1144.4	Amniota Amphibia Anura Archelosauria Archosauria Artiodactyla Aves Batrachia Bilateria Boreoeutheria Bos taurus Bos Bovidae Bovinae Catarrhini Chordata Coelurosauria Craniata Deuterostomia Dinosauria Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Galliformes Galloanserae Gallus gallus Gallus Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Lagomorpha Laurasiatheria Leporidae Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Myomorpha Neobatrachia Neognathae Opisthokonta Oryctolagus cuniculus Oryctolagus Pecora Pelophylax lessonae Pelophylax Phasianidae Phasianinae Primates Ranidae Ranoidea Rattus norvegicus Rattus Rodentia Ruminantia Sarcopterygii Sauria Saurischia Sauropsida Simiiformes Suidae Suina Sus scrofa Sus Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Theropoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G07342NQ	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[Fuc(a1-2)Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(a1-4)]Gal(b1-3)GalNAc-ol	GM4 H antigen (type 3)	Linkage defined saccharide	1187.44	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Lithobates palustris Lithobates Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G54941HT	Neu5Ac(a2-3)[Fuc(a1-2)Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(a1-4)]Gal(b1-3)GalNAc(?1-	GM4 H antigen (type 3)	Linkage defined saccharide	1185.43	Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Gnathostomata Lithobates palustris Lithobates Metazoa Neobatrachia Opisthokonta Ranidae Ranoidea Sarcopterygii Teleostomi Tetrapoda Vertebrata cellular organisms
G77252PU	Neu5Ac(a2-3)Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-3)[Neu5Ac(a2-3)Gal(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-2)Man(a1-6)]Man(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-4)GlcNAc(b1-	N-Glycan complex Polysialic acid	Linkage defined saccharide	2222.78	Amniota Amphibia Anura Batrachia Bilateria Boreoeutheria Catarrhini Chordata Craniata Deuterostomia Dipnotetrapodomorpha Euarchontoglires Eukaryota Eumetazoa Euteleostomi Eutheria Glires Gnathostomata Haplorrhini Hominidae Homininae Hominoidea Homo sapiens Homo Mammalia Metazoa Muridae Murinae Muroidea Mus musculus Mus Mus Myomorpha Opisthokonta Pipidae Pipoidea Primates Rattus norvegicus Rattus Rodentia Sarcopterygii Simiiformes Teleostomi Tetrapoda Theria Vertebrata Xenopodinae Xenopus laevis Xenopus Xenopus cellular organisms