GlyCosmos Portal

Submissions

major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP beta 1

Summary

Gene Symbol

HLA-DPB1

Organism

Homo sapiens (human)

External Links

NCBI Gene

3115

PubChem

3115

Alliance of Genome Resources

HGNC:4940

Annotation

Keyword

3D-structure
Cell membrane
Disulfide bond
Endoplasmic reticulum
Endosome
Glycoprotein
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
MHC II
Reference proteome
Signal
Transmembrane helix

Proteins

Displaying **all 2** entries
UniProt	Protein Name
P04440	HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP(W4) beta chain MHC class II antigen DPB1
I4EC15

Annotation information from UniProt.

Gene Ontology (GO)

Displaying entries **1 - 5** of 11 in total

1

2

3

Next ›

Last »
GO Term	Evidence Code	PMID
adaptive immune response	IEA
peptide antigen assembly with MHC class II protein complex	IBA
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II	IDA	32341563
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II	IMP	20356827
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II	IBA

GO Hierarchy

biological process

immune system process [inference]

activation of immune response [inference]

immune response-activating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

immune response [inference]

adaptive immune response

antigen processing and presentation [inference]

antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II [inference]

antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II [inference]

antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II

antigen processing and presentation of exogenous antigen [inference]

antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen [inference]

antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II

antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen [inference]

antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen [inference]

antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II

antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II [inference]

antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II

cellular process [inference]

signal transduction [inference]

immune response-regulating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

cellular component organization or biogenesis [inference]

cellular component organization [inference]

cellular component assembly [inference]

protein-containing complex assembly [inference]

peptide antigen assembly with MHC protein complex [inference]

peptide antigen assembly with MHC class II protein complex

protein-containing complex organization [inference]

protein-containing complex assembly [inference]

peptide antigen assembly with MHC protein complex [inference]

peptide antigen assembly with MHC class II protein complex

response to stimulus [inference]

immune response [inference]

adaptive immune response

biological regulation [inference]

regulation of biological process [inference]

regulation of immune system process [inference]

positive regulation of immune system process [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of immune response

activation of immune response [inference]

immune response-activating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

regulation of leukocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

regulation of T cell proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

regulation of T cell activation [inference]

regulation of T cell proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

regulation of immune response [inference]

immune response-regulating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of immune response

activation of immune response [inference]

immune response-activating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

regulation of metabolic process [inference]

regulation of biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

regulation of gene expression [inference]

regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

regulation of type II interferon production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of metabolic process [inference]

positive regulation of biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of cellular metabolic process [inference]

positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

regulation of cellular metabolic process [inference]

positive regulation of cellular metabolic process [inference]

positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

regulation of gene expression [inference]

regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

regulation of type II interferon production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

regulation of macromolecule metabolic process [inference]

regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

regulation of gene expression [inference]

regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

regulation of type II interferon production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of biological process [inference]

positive regulation of immune system process [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of immune response

activation of immune response [inference]

immune response-activating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of metabolic process [inference]

positive regulation of biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of cellular metabolic process [inference]

positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of cellular process [inference]

positive regulation of cell population proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of cellular metabolic process [inference]

positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of cell adhesion [inference]

positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion [inference]

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of cell activation [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of response to stimulus [inference]

positive regulation of immune response

activation of immune response [inference]

immune response-activating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of multicellular organismal process [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of cell activation [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

regulation of response to stimulus [inference]

positive regulation of response to stimulus [inference]

positive regulation of immune response

activation of immune response [inference]

immune response-activating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

regulation of immune response [inference]

immune response-regulating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of immune response

activation of immune response [inference]

immune response-activating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

regulation of cellular process [inference]

signal transduction [inference]

immune response-regulating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway [inference]

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway [inference]

T cell receptor signaling pathway

regulation of cell adhesion [inference]

regulation of cell-cell adhesion [inference]

positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion [inference]

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion [inference]

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of cell adhesion [inference]

positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion [inference]

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

regulation of cellular metabolic process [inference]

positive regulation of cellular metabolic process [inference]

positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

regulation of gene expression [inference]

regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

regulation of type II interferon production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

regulation of cell population proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of cell population proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

regulation of leukocyte proliferation [inference]

regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

regulation of T cell proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of cellular process [inference]

positive regulation of cell population proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of cellular metabolic process [inference]

positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process [inference]

positive regulation of gene expression [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of cell adhesion [inference]

positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion [inference]

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of cell activation [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

regulation of cell activation [inference]

regulation of leukocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

regulation of T cell proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

regulation of T cell activation [inference]

regulation of T cell proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of cell activation [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

regulation of multicellular organismal process [inference]

regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

regulation of type II interferon production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

regulation of cell activation [inference]

regulation of leukocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

regulation of T cell proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

regulation of T cell activation [inference]

regulation of T cell proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of cell activation [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of multicellular organismal process [inference]

positive regulation of cytokine production [inference]

positive regulation of type II interferon production

positive regulation of cell activation [inference]

positive regulation of leukocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation [inference]

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation [inference]

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

positive regulation of T cell activation

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

Displaying entries **1 - 5** of 15 in total

1

2

3

Next ›

Last »
GO Term	Evidence Code	PMID
Golgi membrane	TAS
lysosomal membrane	TAS
lysosomal membrane	IBA
plasma membrane	TAS
cell surface	IMP	20356827

GO Hierarchy

cellular component

protein-containing complex [inference]

membrane protein complex [inference]

plasma membrane protein complex [inference]

MHC protein complex [inference]

MHC class II protein complex

cellular anatomical entity [inference]

cell surface

membrane

plasma membrane

organelle membrane [inference]

vesicle membrane [inference]

cytoplasmic vesicle membrane [inference]

endosome membrane [inference]

late endosome membrane

transport vesicle membrane

ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane

coated vesicle membrane [inference]

ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane

clathrin-coated vesicle membrane [inference]

clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane

endocytic vesicle membrane

clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane

trans-Golgi network membrane

bounding membrane of organelle [inference]

Golgi membrane

vacuolar membrane [inference]

lytic vacuole membrane [inference]

lysosomal membrane

endosome membrane [inference]

late endosome membrane

transport vesicle membrane

ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane

coated vesicle membrane [inference]

ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane

clathrin-coated vesicle membrane [inference]

clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane

endocytic vesicle membrane

clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane

side of membrane [inference]

lumenal side of membrane [inference]

lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Displaying **all 4** entries
GO Term	Evidence Code	PMID
protein binding	IPI	32296183 32814053
MHC class II protein complex binding	IBA
peptide antigen binding	IDA	20356827
peptide antigen binding	IBA

GO Hierarchy

molecular function

binding [inference]

antigen binding [inference]

peptide antigen binding

protein binding

amide binding [inference]

peptide binding [inference]

peptide antigen binding

protein-containing complex binding [inference]

MHC protein complex binding [inference]

MHC class II protein complex binding

Gene Ontology information from NCBI Gene and UniProt.

Disease

Disease Ontology

Displaying entries **1 - 10** of 17 in total

1

2

Next ›

Last »
DO ID	Disease Name	Source
DOID:0080820	occupational asthma	Alliance of Genome Resources
DOID:0081267	graft-versus-host disease	Alliance of Genome Resources
DOID:11166	Human papillomavirus infectious disease	Alliance of Genome Resources
DOID:2043	hepatitis B	Alliance of Genome Resources
DOID:2048	autoimmune hepatitis	Alliance of Genome Resources
DOID:2377	multiple sclerosis	Alliance of Genome Resources
DOID:2841	asthma	Alliance of Genome Resources
DOID:2938	Epstein-Barr virus infectious disease	Alliance of Genome Resources
DOID:2957	pulmonary tuberculosis	Alliance of Genome Resources
DOID:3083	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Alliance of Genome Resources

Ortholog

Displaying entries **1 - 10** of 78 in total

1

2

3

4

5

…

Next ›

Last »
Species	Gene ID	Alliance of Genome Resources
Xenopus tropicalis	3112	Xenbase:XB-GENE-945971
Xenopus tropicalis	3115	Xenbase:XB-GENE-945971
Xenopus tropicalis	3119	Xenbase:XB-GENE-945971
Xenopus tropicalis	3120	Xenbase:XB-GENE-945971
Xenopus tropicalis	3123	Xenbase:XB-GENE-945971
Xenopus tropicalis	3125	Xenbase:XB-GENE-945971
Xenopus tropicalis	3126	Xenbase:XB-GENE-945971
Xenopus tropicalis	3127	Xenbase:XB-GENE-945971
Xenopus tropicalis	14961	Xenbase:XB-GENE-945971
Xenopus tropicalis	14969	Xenbase:XB-GENE-945971

GlyTouCan

GlyComb

GlycoPOST

UniCarb-DR

LM-GlycoRepo

All Resources

Other Information

Tools

Search Tools

Guidelines

Summary

External Links

Annotation

International Collaboration

Acknowledgements